Baling Press for Cotton Gin Trash and Other Biomass Feedstock and Methods of Using the Same

ABSTRACT

The present invention generally relates to a baling press for baling cotton gin trash and other particulate biomass feedstock. The baling press generally comprises an infeed chute assembly, a compression ram assembly, an extrusion chamber assembly, a strapping storage and dispensing assembly, and a strapping insertion assembly. The present invention also relates to methods of producing a bale with the baling press and a bale generated by said baling press and described methods.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/972,250 filed Mar. 29, 2014. The disclosure of Application Ser. No. 61/972,250 is incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD

The invention relates to a baling press for baling cotton gin trash and other particulate biomass feedstock—materials which have proven difficult to form into a bale that substantially maintains its shape and density over time. The invention also relates to methods of producing a bale with the baling press and a bale generated by said press and methods.

BACKGROUND

Particulate biomass waste for example, cotton gin trash, generated in industries such as cotton processing (or “ginning”) is exceptionally difficult to form into bales that can be conveniently transported to facilities for use. In most cases, it is not cost effective or economically feasible to transport unbaled materials (with the exception of perhaps cotton seed which is not baled) due, for example, to the transportation costs and small quantity that can be transported. Gin trash is such a material and is the only material generated from cotton processing (other than cotton seed) that, up until this point, could not be baled with consistent success due in part to the physical characteristics of the material and the constraints of conventional balers.

The application of biomass waste to various agricultural, industrial, and energy uses is a growing field/market and finding economic and efficient methods to transport such materials to consumers is much needed. For example, gin trash has been shown to be exceptionally useful as cattle feed filler, as a biofuel, as a soil additive or compost, in fluidized bed gasification processes, and in conversion to packaging material. If gin trash could be baled and transported in an efficient and economic manner, it is predicted that the market for gin trash would flourish and grow. However, as mentioned above, gin trash has proven difficult to bale and transport and traditionally has been either incinerated on site or buried in pits behind the gin. These disposal methods are not ideal and result in significant costs to the cotton gin owner and the environment. Cotton gin owners are also losing a substantial source of additional revenue when the material is disposed of and not sold.

As mentioned above, prior to Clean Air Acts (1970-1975), gin trash was typically incinerated behind the cotton gins. Since then gin trash, for the most part, has been conveyed to an area behind the gin and, mostly during off season, spread back onto cotton fields. A much smaller percent of the gin trash generated has been buried in land fields, used/sold for composting, and in some parts of the cotton belt, processed and used for livestock roughage even though transport was not efficient. However, due to handling and transport cost of low-density (10-12 lbs./cu/ft.) waste material, profitable markets remain elusive. It would be a great advantage to have a baling press that can generate bales with density at or near 27-30 lbs./cu/ft. at the ginning rate (production rate of gin trash discharge) which are capable of dry storage to prevent spoliation, able to be handled multiple times without disintegration, and able to be transported long distances.

Baling properties differ substantially, especially in cotton gin trash, which is in part determined by factors such as weather during growing season and harvest, processed moisture content, type of harvesting machine, condition of harvesting machine, speed of operation of harvesting machine, soil conditions at the exact location where plants are grown, and the variety or varieties of seed planted. Not only do the baling properties of certain organic waste or biomass materials vary between farmers, they vary within farms and harvesting periods. The same variabilities do not exist with easier-to-bale materials such as shredded paper or stems/sticks/flexible organic materials that compress but have a greater degree of physical memory than cotton gin trash or other particulate biomass material.

Conventional baling mechanisms and baling presses for cotton and another cotton gin waste product, cotton motes, are known in the art, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,075 (“Baling Press”), U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,252 (“Baling Press”); U.S. Pat. No. 4,161,911 (“Presses for Baling Waste Materials”); U.S. Pat. No. 4,566,380 (“Round Baling Press for Agricultural Products”); U.S. Pat. No. 4,805,528 (“Cotton Bale Recompressing and Retying Machine and Process”); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,131 (“Mobile Apparatus for the Infield Handling of Fibrous Material”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,941,740 B2 (“Baler Gate Linkage and Latch Structure”); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,391,186 (“Cotton Press”). The aforementioned patents and mechanisms disclosed therein are herein incorporated by reference. While some of the assemblies and mechanisms described in these references are fairly common to balers, these known baling mechanisms are generally unsuitable for baling gin trash and similar biomass materials

Another weakness of conventional baling presses is the inability to apply plastic strapping in an efficient, cost effective, low man-power manner. Plastic strapping is often required in the agribusiness (e.g., livestock) field and other fields as well. Plastic strapping may be incinerated with the baled material if need be. There are certain other advantages to plastic strapping such as the width of the straps versus wire-straps being less likely to cut through the bale. Plastic strapping may be cut with a knife blade, but wire cannot. Moreover, workers are more prone to injury from wire than from plastic strapping. Finally, traditional auto-tie mechanisms for horizontal balers have used a set of wire spools on both sides of the press and have tied the bale early in the extrusion process. For material, such as cotton gin trash, with less physical memory than other waste material, early tying has proven difficult because the physical size of the bale is reduced and doesn't rebound as with other materials.

Therefore a baling press for baling biomass feedstock that is difficult to bale, including cotton gin trash, is needed to provide a valuable market and additional source of revenue for the cotton gin owner and a valuable cheap material with multiple uses for consumers. The baling press must generate a bale with sufficient density to hold the material together without disintegration and tie or bind the bale in a manner that promotes this characteristic. The baling press must be able to accommodate in a convenient and efficient manner many if not all of the variables in the physical characteristics of the feedstock material. The bale produced must be capable of efficient and economic stacking, handling, and transport.

SUMMARY

One object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press for baling cotton gin trash and other biomass feedstock. In some embodiments, the baling press may comprise a general baling press unit with one or more subunits or assemblies. In some embodiments, the baling press unit is modular with detachable components.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press with an extrusion chamber assembly. In some embodiments, the extrusion chamber assembly may comprise an extrusion chamber chute of a substantially rectangular cuboid shape and an open bale exit end and a feed stock entry end. The extrusion chamber chute may be detachable from the overall baling press unit.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press with one or more tension device(s) or elements for monitoring and adjusting extrusion friction and controlling maximum and minimum bale density. The tension devices(s) may be a part of the extrusion chamber assembly.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press with a first tension element to set and/or adjust the minimum tension or pressure applied to the bale as it progresses through the extrusion chamber chute. In some embodiments, the first tension element may be adjusted or set manually through mechanical means such as a bolt and nut assembly or alternatively powered, for example, electric or hydraulic means. In some embodiments, the first tension element is attached to the mid-section of the elongated extrusion chamber chute. In other embodiments, the first tension element may be positioned along the extrusion chamber chute closer to the ram and charge chamber. In some embodiments, the first tension element comprises side brackets, as well as top and bottom mounts. The side brackets may be adjustable for control of the predetermined constrictive force applied to the chute exterior side walls and/or to maintain proper pressure on the forming bale.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press with a second tension element for controlling and not exceeding the maximum pre-determined bale density. The second tension element may comprise side brackets, as well as top and bottom mounts. In some embodiments, the top mount may further comprise arms and a triangular bridge which support a hydraulic cylinder. In some embodiments, the second tension element may be powered, for example electrical or hydraulic power. In some embodiments, the second tension element is positioned proximate to the bale exit end of the elongated extrusion chamber. In some embodiments, the pre-determined tension force may be modified by the hydraulic cylinder or electrically activated and controlled mechanical device.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press comprising a compression ram assembly. In some embodiments, the compression ram assembly may comprise an internal compression ram with a ram platen. In some embodiments, the platen comprises one or more slots which may through design receive a strapping inserter rod or shaft and carrying plastic strapping material for ultimate bale tying or binding. In some embodiments, the slots are beveled such that the mouth of the aperture is wider than the interior most face of the slot—gradually decreasing in width until the innermost surface is reached. In some embodiments, the compression ram assembly further comprises a top plate which may be affixed to the top of a frame for covering the charge chamber opening as the ram travels through the charge chamber and into the extrusion chamber chute. This prevents unwanted feedstock from entering the charge chamber from the infeed chute at certain times during the process.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press that applies the necessary compression force for baling cotton gin trash and other difficult to bale biomass feedstock.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press that applies manageable charges/laminations for better, more uniform compaction and volume control.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press that is capable of conveniently and cost effectively applying plastic strapping material to bind a formed bale.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press with an infeed chute assembly positioned proximate and, in some embodiments, above a charge chamber. In some embodiments, the chute assembly is attached to or engaged with the top of the baler structure and includes an access door and one or more viewing window(s). In some embodiments, the infeed chute rests above the charge chamber and allows feedstock to flow from the feedstock supply line into the charge chamber. In some embodiments, the infeed chute assembly further comprises one or more sensors for detecting and controlling the feedstock quantity within the charge chamber and infeed chute.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press with a strapping material inserting and positioning assembly. In some embodiments, the strapping used in said strapping material inserting and positioning assembly is flat plastic strapping, however, it should be understood that any strapping material known in the art may work for the intended purpose. The strapping material used may be substantially flat or wide plastic strapping material. The strapping material inserting and positioning assembly may comprise an encasing or housing. In some embodiments, the encasing may be detachably engaged to the extrusion chamber chute by bolt, pin or the like. The encasing may further more comprise hinges which allows the encasing to swing open without full detachment. The strapping material inserting and positioning assembly may comprise one or more inserter rods which transport the strapping material through the extrusion chamber chute and beyond the opposite chute sidewall. In other embodiments, the strapping material inserting and positioning assembly may be connected to either of the extrusion chamber chute sidewalls to transport strapping material for bale tying (density securing) through the ram platen (ram face) and extend the material a sufficient distance beyond the opposite sidewall such that the operator can have easy access to the extended strapping material to pull and then cut the straps to an appropriate length. The inserter shafts may be actuated and powered by hydraulic, electric, or steam power. In some embodiments, the inserter shafts are guided and by tracks and/or posts and actuated by chain/pulley mechanics. The strapping material inserting and positioning assembly, in one embodiment, may be positioned on a single side of the baling press.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press with a baling press unit. In some embodiments, the baling press unit may be engaged to one or more of a compression ram assembly, a hydraulic power unit assembly, electrical control enclosures and control switches, an infeed chute assembly over top an infeed opening to the baling chamber, and/or bolt-on legs to support the complete baling press at a convenient height.

In another object of the present invention, the baling press produces and maintains a consistent compression force for bale formation. In one embodiment, the baling press produces and maintains a compression force of at least about 150 lbs/in². In another embodiment, the amount of compression force is between about 150 to about 250 lbs/in². In another embodiment, the amount of compression force is about 200 lbs/in². The amount of compression force necessary will vary depending on the physical properties of the material being baled influenced by geographic region of origin, moisture content, etc.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing electrical enclosures for motor starters, system electrical disconnect, transformer, electrical wiring, programmable logic controller, operator interface device, push buttons, electrical sensors, electrical switches, photo sensor(s), and other electrical control components necessary to power the baling press.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a hydraulic power unit complete with hydraulic systems components and accessories to provide hydraulic power and control components including the compression ram assembly, extrusion chamber tension device(s), and said bale strapping material inserting and positioning assembly.

Another objection of the present invention may comprise providing a finished bale receiving platform with or without a bale bagging accessory and bolt-on legs to support the complete baling press at a convenient height for the baling press operator's comfort, to aid with area housekeeping, and to provide easy access to the bale for bale removal, handling and/or conveying.

Another object of the present invention may comprise providing a baling press with a strapping material storage and dispensing assembly. In some embodiments, the strapping material storage and dispensing assembly may comprise one or more strapping dispenser units that may be freestanding or, alternatively, attached to the baling press unit or the strapping material inserter assembly. The assembly may further comprise one or more strapping guide elements for proper transport and presentation of the strapping to the insertion assembly for insertion through the extrusion chamber chute. Depending on the orientation of the strapping dispenser units, the guide elements may alter the orientation of the strapping material for proper positioning prior to insertion through the extrusion chamber chute. The strapping material storage and dispensing assembly, in one embodiment, may be positioned on a single side of the baling press, for example, on the same side of the baling press as the strapping material insertion assembly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Representative embodiments of the invention are disclosed in more detail with reference to the following figures.

FIG. 1 shows an overall diagrammatic side view of an embodiment of a baling press of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the ram compression assembly and the compression ram.

FIG. 3A-B shows an embodiment of the ram platen and a side view of a beveled slot in the ram platen.

FIG. 4 shows an overall diagrammatic side view an embodiment of a baling press of the present invention as well as the extrusion chamber assembly.

FIG. 5A-B shows an embodiment of a first tension element.

FIG. 6A-B shows an embodiment of the second tension element (FIG. 6A) and the interior of an extrusion chamber chute and bale retention elements on the top interior wall of the chute (FIG. 6B).

FIG. 7A-B shows an embodiment of the infeed chute assembly and proximate baling press components.

FIG. 8A-B shows an embodiment of the strapping storage and dispensing assembly in freestanding form.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of the strapping storage and dispensing assembly in attached form.

FIG. 10A-C shows an embodiment of the strapping material insertion assembly including an embodiment of the encasing with internal components (FIG. 10A), an embodiment of the encasing in an open position showing inserter shafts, positioning elements, guide elements (FIG. 10B), and an embodiment of the inserter shafts, positioning elements, and guide elements (FIG. 10C).

FIG. 11A-B shows an embodiment of the strapping retention members.

FIG. 12A-B shows an embodiment of the strapping stretcher element.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, specific exemplary embodiments by which the invention may be practiced. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Among other things, the present invention may be embodied as methods or devices. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense.

Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrase “in one embodiment” or “in some embodiments” or “in a preferred embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, though it may. Furthermore, the phrase “in another embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, as described below, various embodiments of the invention may be readily combined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. In addition the phrase “present invention” or “object of the present invention” does not necessarily refer to nor is intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiment or feature described.

In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” operator, and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”

It should be noted that although the discussions herein may refer to a specific order and composition of method steps, it is understood that the order of these steps may differ from what is described. For example, two or more steps may be performed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Also, some method steps that are performed as discrete steps may be combined, steps being performed as a combined step may be separated into discrete steps, the sequence of certain processes may be reversed or otherwise varied, and the nature or number of discrete processes may be altered or varied. The order or sequence of any element or apparatus may be varied or substituted according to alternative embodiments. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. Such variations will depend on designer choice and it is understood that all such variations are within the scope of the invention.

Referring now to FIG. 1, some embodiments of the baling press 100 of the present invention may comprise a baling press unit 101. In some embodiments, the baling press unit 101 is modular with detachable components or subunits. For example, in one embodiment, the extrusion chamber assembly 102 (described in more detail below) of the baling press unit 101 may be permanently affixed to the overall unit 101 or, alternatively, may be an independent and detachable component engaged to other components of the baling press unit 101, such as the charge chamber, via bolts, pins, and the like. Said modular aspect is useful for a variety of purposes, including but not limited to convenience in replacing, exchanging, modifying, and/or shipping the baling press 100 components and assemblies. It should be noted that the lines pointing to the extrusion chamber assembly 102 are truncated and do not depict the entire length of the assembly or the extrusion chamber chute. For a better illustration of these components, reference should be made to FIG. 4. Said modular aspect also enables the convenient insertion, removal, or repositioning of spacer elements between the body assembly and the extrusion chamber for inserting header and/or footer sheets or bale separation material. In one embodiment, the extrusion chamber assembly 102 is itself modular and divisible into discrete units which may enhance versatility and promote lengthening or shortening of the extrusion chamber assembly 102 as desired, for example, by addition or removal of separate sections of extrusion chamber. This action may be necessitated by the physical characteristics of the material being baled.

The overall baling press unit 101 is preferably built to absorb and withstand the powerful forces exerted by a connected (e.g., double-acting) cylinder and piston as the piston extends under pressure and pushes the compression ram past the charge chamber and into the connected extrusion chamber assembly 102 and then retracts back to home/resting position toward the rear of the baling press unit 101. The cylinder may include a piston (not shown) for advancing the compression ram (described more fully below) toward the feedstock charge and forming bale. The compression ram's motion is generally along the horizontal plane in relation to the floor surface and potentuated by powered cylinders, such as for example the double acting hydraulic or steam actuated cylinders.

) The baling press unit 101 is designed to receive loose cotton gin trash or other small or processed biomass feedstock through an infeed chute assembly and into a charge chamber (or “baling chamber”) 103 (best illustrated in FIG. 7B) and, with the attachment of a compression ram assembly 104, compress the feedstock into the attached extrusion chamber 102 by collecting and compressing the material after a charge is loaded into the charge chamber 103.

In some embodiments, the baling press unit 101 may further comprise a compression ram assembly 104, a hydraulic power unit assembly 105, electrical controls 106 (generally also shown in Figures as Control Panels 120) including enclosures and control switches, an infeed chute assembly 107 proximate an infeed opening 108 to the charge chamber 103, and legs 109 (e.g. bolt on) to support the entire baling press unit 101 at proper height for the baling press operator's comfort, to aid with area housekeeping, and to provide easy access under the baling press to connect, if needed, dust remediation venting or ducts.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3A-3B, an embodiment of the compression ram assembly 104 is illustrated. In one embodiment, the compression ram assembly 104 may comprise a frame 110, a cylinder (with piston) (not shown), a ram platen 111, and/or a top plate 112 which may be designed to (for example) close off the charge chamber opening (not shown) as the ram travels through the charge chamber and into the extrusion chamber chute. The cylinder (with piston) may be a hydraulically powered unit and may also be double acting. The cylinder assembly, furthermore may be of sufficient size and durability to deliver up to about 250 pounds per square inch of compression force into the baling chamber and extrusion chambers (between about 150 and about 250 pounds per square inch depending on the feedstock physical properties). The ram platen 111 may comprise special slots 113 a-c for inserting, manually, or with power, strapping for tying or binding a formed bale.

With continued reference to FIG. 2, the ram platen 111 may comprise a first compression surface 114 which contacts and applies a force the feedstock charge and forming bale. As mentioned briefly above, the first compression surface 114 may comprise one or more slots 113 a-c which, in one embodiment, are arranged in a horizontal plane to the floor surface and substantially parallel to one another (when more than one is present). The slots may also be arranged in a vertical orientation depending on the orientation of other interacting components, such as the strapping insertion assembly (described below). The platen slots 113 a-c are substantially co-planar to the axis of motion of the inserter shafts of the strapping inserter assembly (described in more detail below) and designed to receive the inserter shafts and the strapping material fed there though. Referring to FIG. 38, in some embodiments, the slots 113 comprise top 115, bottom 116, and rear 117 interior surfaces. The slots 113 a-c may be beveled wherein the slot opening 118 is wider than the rear interior surface 117 gradually narrowing to dimensions sufficient for the manual or powered inserter shafts (described more fully below) to pass through. The beveling of the slots is important for removal of feedstock debris lodged therein due to compression. The beveling also promotes ease of inserter shaft and strapping material passage through the slot or slots particularly when performed manually and when said slots are packed with feedstock debris. In some embodiments the beveling angle is about 100 degrees from the outside rim 119 at the slot opening 118 to the back or rear interior surface 117 of the slot. In some embodiments, the slot is at least about 0.5 inches deep from the outside rim 119 to the rear interior surface 117. In preferred embodiments, the slot depth is between about 1.0″ to about 2.0″. The slot must be sufficiently deep to minimize and loosen the material packed within the space and to receive and guide the inserter rod and strapping material.

In some embodiments, and as best illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 7A the baling press unit 101 comprises a commercial or custom designed hydraulic power unit 105 complete with a hydraulic fluid storage tank and all hydraulic components needed to power and/or control the powered components and assemblies, including for example, the compression ram assembly, extrusion chamber tension elements, and any optional attached strapping material inserting and preparation devices (described below).

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 7A, in some embodiments, the baling press unit 101 comprises electrical enclosures 120 and operator control panels 121 to house all required electric and electronic components for function, protection, and safety. Said control panels 121 and electrical enclosures 120 may be positioned at various locations around the baling press unit 101 or may be separate from the unit. Components mounted within the enclosures and panels could include an electric disconnect, motor starters, a transformer, electric relays, terminal strips, wiring, a programmable logic controller, and operators interface items such as push buttons, a touchscreen, and other items. External electrical sensors and switches provide data for systems control, sensor(s) (e.g, photo) provide signals, for example, relating to incoming material to the infeed chute and baler infeed opening, electric solenoids shifts hydraulic valves, and electric pressure switches provide data as to hydraulic pressures.

Referring now to FIGS. 4, 5A-B, and 6A-B, as described previously, the baling press unit 101 may comprise an extrusion chamber assembly 102. As described above, the extrusion chamber assembly 102 may be detachably engaged to the remaining components and assemblies of the baling press unit. In some embodiments, the extrusion chamber assembly's length may be directly proportional to the desired bale width and height and target minimum compression force. In some embodiments, the extrusion chamber length of a 24″×24″ extrusion chamber may be about 144″. Generally, the extrusion chamber assembly 102 may comprise an extrusion chamber chute 122 generally arranged horizontally and parallel to a floor surface. The chute 122 comprises four interior walls 123 a-d and four exterior surfaces 123 a-d. The chute 122 may have a substantially rectangular cuboid shape with a bale exit aperture 125 at one end and a feedstock entry aperture 126 (not shown) at the other end near or adjacent to the charge chamber. The chute 122 may be made of metal, preferably steel, and each wall may comprise one or more metal slats 127 a-d arranged in parallel to one another.

Referring now to FIGS. 1, 4, and 5A-B, the extrusion chamber assembly 102 may comprise a first tension element 128 engaged at a predetermined position to the extrusion chamber chute 122. Some of the tension element components may be integral to or built into the chamber chute 122 or they may be discrete and independent from the chute. In some embodiments, the first tension element 128 may comprise top mounts 129, bottom mounts 130, and side brackets 131 a-b vertically arranged along the extrusion chamber chute's exterior side surfaces. The top 129 and bottom 130 mounts of the first tension element may be permanently affixed (e.g., via weld or other suitable means) to the top and bottom of the extrusion chamber chute 122. Alternatively, the top and bottom mounts may form an integral part of and indistinguishable from the extrusion chamber chute's upper exterior surface and have upper and lower contact points for side bracket 131 attachment. The side brackets 131 a-b may be affixed to the top 129 and bottom 130 mounts by weld or other suitable means. In some embodiments, side brackets 131 a-b may be housed in casing 132 or, alternatively, exposed and visible to the user.

Side brackets 131 a-b may comprise an interior surface 133 (nearest the extrusion chamber chute 122) and an exterior surface 134. However, in some embodiments, the side brackets 131 of the first tension element 128, while vertically oriented to the floor surface and positioned substantially parallel to the extrusion chamber chute's side wall exterior surface, may not be in contact with the extrusion chamber chute's exterior surface while the baling press is at rest and not in operation. The distance between the interior surface 133 of the side brackets 131 a-b and the extrusion chamber chute's exterior surface is a predetermined distance and is used to help achieve a minimum preferred bale density by preventing flex of the extrusion chamber chute's side walls (e.g. slats) beyond a certain point during bale formation. This helps to maintain sufficient pressure on the forming bale which is essential for materials that are known to be difficult to bale, such as cotton gin trash. In some embodiments, the side brackets 131 are adjustable whereby the distance between the interior surface 133 of the side brackets and the extrusion chamber chute's exterior surface 124 a is either reduced or increased depending on the desired minimum bale density and/or the physical characteristics of the biomass feedstock material. In other embodiments, however, the side brackets are fixed and cannot be adjusted. The side brackets may be engaged or affixed to the top and bottom mounts with a heavy nut and bolt assembly for ease of removal and disassembly.

Referring to FIG. 5A-B, the top 129 and bottom 130 mounts may comprise a forward 135 and rearward 136 flanges which are affixed to said side brackets 131. The top and bottom mounts may each further comprise slots 137 for receipt of a bolt/nut or pin assembly. The slots are long enough to allow convenient adjustment of side brackets 131, thereby adjusting the distance between interior surfaces 133 of the side bracket and the chute's exterior surface 124 a. This action would be accomplished, for example, by loosening the nut and adjusting or sliding the bolts toward the chute's exterior surface. It should be recognized that first tension element side brackets may be adjusted automatically and powered for example using hydraulic or electrical power. It should also be recognized that a similar mechanical structural configuration as that described below for the second tension element may be used for the first tension element. In such an embodiment, a separate power assembly may be necessary.

The relative position of the first tension element 128 on the extrusion chamber chute 122 is important to desired bale density control. The position may also depend on the length of extrusion chamber chute 122. In some embodiments, the first tension element is positioned at or near the mid-section of the extrusion chamber chute 122. In some embodiments, the position of the first tension element is biased toward the compression ram assembly 104. In some embodiments, the first tension element 128 may be used to maintain the minimum ram face pressure near the center point of the extrusion chamber chute 122 by, for example, adding structural integrity to the walls at that early position. Maintaining the pressure at this position permits release of the higher pressures toward the end of the extrusion chamber chute 122 due to the growing size of the bale via second tension element (described below) without diminishing the minimum force necessary to achieve the target minimum bale density. As discussed above, depending on the desired minimum bale density, the first tension element's lateral elements or side brackets 131 which are positioned substantially parallel to the extrusion chamber side walls may be set at a predetermined width for controlling and retaining the minimum desired bale density which in turn could affect total final extrusion chamber bale density. The tension element 128, in essence, restricts the degree of flex experienced by the side walls of the extrusion chamber chute 122 due to forces exerted by the forming bale. This pre-setting may be performed and powered manually, electrically, and/or hydraulically. For example, manual presetting may be accomplished by heavy duty, industrial quality nuts and bolts 138 as depicted in FIG. SB. The first tension element 128 may also be used to provide structural reinforcement to the extrusion chamber chute 122 as needed to withstand the high compression force (i.e. to allow use of a relatively light-weight structure).

The extrusion chamber assembly 102 may comprise a second tension element 139 engaged at a predetermined position about the exterior of the extrusion chamber chute 122, preferably proximate to the bale exit end 125 of the extrusion chamber chute 122. The second tension element 139 may comprise top mounts 140, bottom mounts 141, and side brackets 142. Said top mounts may comprise four arms 143 a-d extending at an angle up to a triangular bridge 144. The triangular bridge 144 may further support a hydraulic cylinder 145 which when activated moves arms 143 a-d causing side brackets 142 to move toward the chute's exterior side wall surface 124 a applying pressure to the same. This process is explained in more detail below. Said arms 143 a-d may be engaged to the bridge 144 in a manner that allows movement between the arms 143 and the bridge 144. Similar to the bottom mounts of the first tension element 128, the bottom mounts 141 of the second tension element 139 may further comprise slots 146 for receipt of a bolt or pin assembly for side bracket adjustment at the bottom only.

In some embodiments, the second tension element 139 is automatically activated and is designed to control and restrict the maximum pre-determined bale density, which, if exceeded, might potentially utilize excessive energy, require larger and more costly structures, or damage the extrusion chamber chute 122 or baling press unit 101. In one embodiment, the predetermined tension force of the second tension element 139 may be modified by hydraulic cylinder(s) or other electrically activated and controlled mechanical device(s). In one embodiment, the force applied by the tension cylinder 145 or electrically activated mechanical device is that which is necessary to maintain but not exceed a desired compression force necessary for successful bale formation and density. In some embodiments, in operation, as the hydraulic cylinder 145 is activated, the side brackets 142 are forced inward applying pressure on the extrusion chamber chute's exterior surface 124 a and thus the bale within the chute 122. If it becomes necessary, due to choking of the extrusion chamber by the bale being extruded, the force exerted by the second tension element 139 may be deactivated, released, or adjusted (manually or automatically) such that friction on the bale is minimized thereby allowing the bale to advance and proceed through chamber opening.

As discussed above, in some embodiments, it is important that an actual delivered compression force ranging between about 150 to about 250 pounds per square inch (“PSI”) is maintained to produce bales of cotton gin trash and some biomass feedstock to a final density that can be easily handled, handled repeatedly, stored, or economically shipped to remote destinations on flatbed trailers, inside van trailers, or inside sea containers. As mentioned in the Background section, gin trash and other particulate biomass feedstock is difficult to bale and, without the proper bale density, the bales will disintegrate. The above described combination of design features of the extrusion chamber assembly provides sufficient resistance/friction to achieve and maintain 150 to 250 PSI of force by the compression ram on the bale. The actual delivered compression force will vary due to physical differences in ever changing lots of gin trash and must be adjusted depending on the lot. When properly adjusted, the ram face compression force may fluctuate between about 150 PSI and 250 PSI to compensate for the frequently changing baling properties associated with this type of materials. In some embodiments, the desired actual delivered compression force produced by the compression ram is 200 PSI. It has been observed under certain conditions, that when ram face exceeds about 250 PSI, the baling extrusion chamber is prone to choking (ram does not have enough power to move forward) when exerting the maximum required compression force of about 200 PSI (compression force required to achieve up to ^(˜)30 lbs./cu bale density). Therefore, in some embodiments, the desired actual delivered compression force by the compression ram is an average of about 200 PSI. Depending on the material characteristics and other factors, a forward ram hydraulic system pressure of (e.g., 1750 PSI) may be used as an indicator of targeted minimum ram face pressure along with, for example, actual extruded completed bale characteristics. For example, 1750 PSI hydraulic system pressure may equal approximately 150 PSI of ram face force.

Referring to FIG. 6B, to help retain and build upper bale density and to help prevent slippage of the forming bale toward the compression ram (e.g. back sliding), the extrusion chamber assembly 102 may comprise one or more retention elements 147 a-b positioned on or embedded within the extrusion chamber chute's interior wall 123 a-d (to aid in retaining looser unrestrained gin trash or biomass materials on the upper portion of the extruding bale formation, which in turn helps avoid excessive lower bale density). The retention elements may be spring loaded or stationary. Combining this feature with the higher-than-normal density of the material under compression within the extrusion baling chamber promotes bale formation with sufficient upper bale density (as needed to achieve the overall weight and average density) for efficient handling and shipping. The retention elements may be designed in various ways. In some embodiments, retention elements 147 may only be installed in the extrusion chamber chute's top interior wall. FIG. 6B shows one possible embodiment, but further embodiments are also possible within the scope of the invention.

Also in some embodiments, the extrusion chamber assembly may comprise one or more supports engaged to the underside of the assembly, such as for example, bolt-on legs 109 to support the complete extrusion chamber assembly at a convenient height for the baling press operator's comfort, to aid with area housekeeping, and to provide easy access under the extrusion chamber assembly to connect, if needed, dust remediation collection chambers, venting or ducts.

) For particulate material such as gin trash it is of notable importance to proper bale formation (e.g. proper density and size) to ensure that a full charge of material is delivered with each cycle of the ram. This helps to ensure that the top section of the bale of consistent density (top and bottom) is formed rather than a bottom heavy bale. Referring now to FIGS. 1, 4, and 7A-B, which are illustrative of an embodiment, the baling press unit 101 of the present invention may comprise an infeed chute assembly 107. In some embodiments, the infeed chute assembly 107 may comprise an infeed opening 108 measuring the approximate width and length of the charge chamber opening 148 (not shown) with the infeed chute height sufficient to allow an incoming buildup/storage of feed stock material. When the compression ram is cycling forward through the charge chamber and into the extrusion chamber chute incoming material may be accumulating on the top plate of the compression ram assembly. In some embodiments, attached to the interior wall (e.g. two side walls) of the infeed chute is at least one sensor 149 which may be located about 12″ above the charge chamber. In some embodiments, if the sensor remains blocked for a predetermined period of time (e.g., 2-3 seconds), the compression ram will cycle facilitating a leveling of the material prior to each compression ram cycle such that a full cross-section of material is compressed into the extrusion chamber. For example, if the ram cycles prior to material accumulating to the level of the sensor, then upper bale density may be too low and lower bale density too high resulting poor bale integrity. This difference in density may be due to an insufficient amount of material being compressed into the upper section of the extrusion chamber.

Referring to FIG. 7A-B, conventional balers are equipped with a minimum infeed opening 108 length of approximately 30″. In some embodiments and under certain conditions, it was determined that a narrower infeed opening achieved more consistent bale compaction (consistent optimal density) with a more consistent finished bale length. A narrower infeed opening length may be suitable with biomass materials, or other materials, that are particulate and not prone to choking or bridging the chute. Such a size restriction produces smaller laminations or charges which unexpectedly improved the overall bale density and quality. In some embodiments, the desirable infeed opening is about 24 inches wide and between about 15 and 24 inches long. In some embodiments, the infeed opening is preferably about 24 inches wide and 15 inches long.

Referring now to FIGS. 8A-B and 9, which are illustrative of embodiments, the baling press unit 101 of the present invention may comprise a strapping storage and dispensing assembly 150 for convenient storage and delivery of strapping material to the bale strapping insertion assembly (disclosed and described below). In some embodiments, the strapping storage and dispensing assembly 150 may be freestanding and proximal to the extrusion chamber chute 122 and bale strapping insertion assembly. In other embodiments, the strapping storage and dispensing assembly may be affixed to the overall unit, for example, the bale strapping insertion assembly or the side wall of the baling press unit 101, for example, below the electrical, infeed chute assembly, and hydraulic components. Functions of the strapping storage and dispensing assembly include, but are not limited to storing spools/rolls of strapping material 151 (or other bulk storage form), positioning each spool or roll of strapping material in a manner so as to promote even and continuous pulling or feeding, without twisting or binding, of the strapping material into the bale strapping insertion assembly device, and provide an adjustable amount of resistance or tension as the strapping material is dispensed (which occasionally causes minor loosening of the spooled material).

With continued reference to FIGS. 8A-B and 9, in some embodiments, the storage and dispensing assembly 150 comprises a strapping material support post 152 for spool or roll support and rotation about a defined axis of rotation 153. In some embodiments, three rolls of strapping may be stacked upon support post 152. The three rolls and the strapping emanating therefrom may be paired to and substantially planar with a corresponding inserter shaft (described below) of the bale strapping insertion assembly. The storage and dispensing assembly may comprise a base 154, one or more legs 155 (which may be adjustable) for elevation of the spools and/or rolls to the proper height, spacer elements 156 inserted between the spools to avoid unnecessary friction between the spools upon rotation, and a cap or lid (not shown).

As discussed briefly above, in some embodiments, the strapping storage and dispensing assembly 150 may be affixed to the overall baling press unit 101. For example, the strapping material storage and dispensing assembly may be affixed to the rear of the encasing or frame for the strapping insertion assembly (described below). In said embodiment, legs may be unnecessary as long as the spools are positioned such that the strapping is dispensed at the proper elevation for delivery to the corresponding inserter shafts and through the extrusion chamber chute 122. In some embodiments, all strapping rolls or spools may be stacked together or they may be separated and placed upon different dispensing assembly units, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 9. Where the legs are not used the dispensing units may be mounted to (e.g., via weld) the encasing for the inserter assembly via bar support 157 or the like.

With continued reference to FIGS. 10A-C, in some embodiments the baling press unit 101 may comprise a bale strapping insertion assembly for positioning and cutting strapping properly for eventual tying, for example, at or near the bale exit opening of the extrusion chamber chute. The bale strapping insertion assembly 158 may be positioned on either side of the extrusion chamber chute 122, but in some embodiments it is positioned on the same side as the strapping storage and dispensing assembly. In some embodiments, the bale strapping insertion assembly 158 may comprise at least one strapping inserter shaft 159 for automatic and mechanical insertion of strapping material, as it is fed or received on plane from the strapping storage and dispensing assembly 161 (not shown), through a channel or aperture 122 within the side wall of the extrusion chamber chute 122, through and into the ram platen slot or slots 113, and out the second channel or aperture 160 in the opposite side wall of the extrusion chamber chute 122. The strapping material may be inserted as a loop. In other words, the strapping material is positioned across the end of the inserter shaft(s) and is forced through the aforementioned structures uncut. The result is a loop 162 exposed on and extending from the opposite side of the extrusion chamber chute and retention members (described below). The loop is formed by reversing the inserter shafts a few inches as well as the force applied by the pads on the retention members (described below). It has been observed that reversing the inserter shafts back to home position sometimes pulls the strap back into the ram face.

In one embodiment, the bale strapping inserter assembly comprises three strapping inserter shafts 159 a-c housed within a standing frame or encasing 163 and arranged in parallel along a central longitudinal axis running lengthwise down the shaft and substantially horizontal to the floor surface. The frame or encasing 163 may be detachably engaged to the first side wall 124 a of the extrusion chamber chute 122 and may comprise a drive assembly 164 for driving the shafts through the extrusion chamber chute 122 and ram platen slots 113 a-c as well as a guide assembly 165 (e.g., track 168 and posts 182) for ensuring substantially consistent, planar and linear motion of the shafts 159 housed in the encasing 163 into and through the extrusion chamber chute 122. Failure to achieve this consistent and precise motion may result in damage to the mechanism including the encasing 163, inserter shafts 159, and/or ram platen 111. In some embodiments, the drive assembly is hydraulically powered or electrically powered. The shafts may be driven by rack and pinion mechanics or other means. With reference to FIG. 10A, in one embodiment, the shaft(s) are substantially secured or affixed to a drive shaft 166 powered by chain/pulley mechanism 167 and guided by track 168 affixed to the bottom of encasing. However, it may be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the insertion of said inserter shafts 159 through the extrusion chamber chute 122 may be performed entirely manually without the need for an encasing 163, drive assembly 164, or guide assembly 165.

Referring now to FIG. 10C, the inserter shaft(s) 159 may comprise a strapping material positioning elements 169 on the end of said shaft that receives the strapping for insertion through the extrusion chamber chute 122 and ram platen 111. In some embodiments, said positioning elements comprise a substantially rounded platform 170 and one or more flanking flanges 171 wherein the strapping rests flat against the platform 170 and is held in place by the one or more flanking flanges 171. In this position, the strapping is held ready for insertion into the extrusion chamber chute 122 through the apertures 160 on the first side wall of the extrusion chamber 122 as the inserter shaft 159 advances. In some embodiments, the encasing may have one or more posts 182 flanking the inserter shafts to help prevent unwanted lateral movement of the inserter shafts as they are deployed.

With continued reference to FIG. 10C, the frame or encasing 163 may additionally comprise one or more strapping guide elements 172 which receive strapping material from the strapping material storage and dispensing assembly 150 and orient the strapping for proper placement on the strapping positioning elements described above. The guide elements 172 may comprise a low friction surface 173 which the strapping may contact and one or more rollers 174 with strapping material inserted between the low friction surface 173 and roller 174. The guide elements 172 may be welded to the side of the encasing and positioned co-planar to the inserter shafts for proper placement of the strapping onto the inserter shaft positioning elements 169. Said guide elements 172 may be adjacent said positioning elements 169 or may be located at other places along the assembly, for example, on the side wall of the extruder chamber chute 122 itself or on the back of the encasing, such as when the material strapping storage and dispensing assembly is affixed to the rear of the encasing. The guide elements 172 adjacent to the inserter shaft 159 may be affixed to (at the terminus) of an extension rod or shaft 175 to position the strap near and substantially coplanar with the positioning elements 169. Additional guide elements 172 may be affixed to the side wall of the extrusion chamber chute 122 as illustrated in FIG. 10B. In embodiments of the strapping support and dispensing assembly where the strapping dispensing units are mounted to the side of the baling press unit 101, for example, the extrusion chamber guide elements that rotate the strapping 90 degrees to the proper orientation for insertion may be necessary and used. The frame 163 or encasing may further comprise feed slots 176 a-c wherein the strapping enters the encasing 163 proximate to the guide elements 172 a-c and inserter shafts.

Referring to FIG. 11A-B, in some embodiments, the baling press further comprises strapping retention members 177 on the opposite side of the extrusion chamber from the bale strapping insertion assembly 158. The strapping retention members 177 are designed to grip and substantially hold the strapping material (e.g., in loop formation) in place once the material exits the extrusion chamber on the opposite side from the bale strapping insertion assembly. It was observed that the retention members help to prevent the strapping material from slipping back into the extrusion chamber inserter shafts are retracted. With reference to FIG. 11A-B, in some embodiments, the strapping retention members may be spring-loaded resistance pads, gate hinges, or a combination of both. The strapping retention members may comprise a flap or gate 178 cover that overlays an aperture in the side wall of the extrusion chamber. The aperture is designed to receive the one or more insertion shafts which have carried the strapping material through the extrusion chamber to the opposite side. As the insertion shaft is retracted by the bale strapping insertion assembly, the strapping material is left (or retained) by the retention element 177 in the form of a loop 162 via pressure exerted by the gate. The retention element may comprise additional resistance pads 179 to prevent unwanted abrasions or fractures of the strapping material as the material is pulled away from the side wall and cut to size either manually or mechanically. In some embodiments, resistance pads may be positioned and engaged to the rear face of the gate that contacts the strapping material. Retention elements may further comprise dust shields to prevent unwanted dust from exiting the extrusion chamber.

Referring now to FIG. 12A-B, the bale strapping insertion assembly 158 may comprise a stretcher element 180 wherein after the strapping material (e.g, loop) has been manually or automatically pulled through the side wall aperture by the operator it is suspended on a rib 181 at the proper predetermined length for cutting. The rib 181 may be connected to a rack or frame that is affixed to the side of the baling press or may itself be affixed to the baling press side wall.

Functions of the bale strapping insertion assembly 158 include, but are not limited to reducing the work effort required to manually, or with power, insert plastic or metal strapping material through the baling chamber via, in some embodiments, slots 113 a-c on the face of the ram platen 111 (because of material lodged inside the ram platen slots due to the ram face being repeatedly in contact with the gin trash, biomass, or other small materials being baled & extruded, decrease the time required to insert all required plastic or metal sections of strapping material through the baling chamber via the slots on the face of the ram platen (reduces the time required for this essential operation); reducing manual activities thus enabling operators to perform other essential activities, such as preparing and fixing (applying) straps; consistently extending and placing the straps to exactly the same distance and location; in some embodiments, allowing the strapping inserter elements to first insert and then be retracted a short and equal distance (few inches), which, with use of the strapping retention members, creates open loops at the ends of the inserted strapping material (aids the operator in manually extending/pulling the strapping material to the correct length for cutting & thereby reducing wasted strapping material, and decreases the time required to prepare the individual bale straps; eliminating twisting of strapping material as it is pressed/inserted through the platen slots (twisting complicates the decision as to the correct location to cut the strapping material and twisting can allow one end of a strap to be secured to the incorrect bale); and/or establishing loops at the end of the inserted strapping material at a consistent location, which will greatly aid the development of automatic or semi-automatic extending/pulling and cutting of the strapping material to form the actual bale straps (straps used to secure/retain the compressed bale density).

In practice, in some embodiments, when it is time to insert the strapping via the strapping insertion assembly, the compression ram stroke first will be extended by a pre-determined amount to push the bale forward a small distance. The compression ram may then be reversed a short distance creating a gap or cavity between the ram platen and the bale. At this point, the strapping insertion assembly may insert the inserter rods carrying the strapping material through the slots in the ram platen and both side walls of the extrusion chamber. It should be recognized that the compression ram positions (tie and fully extended) are adjustable. For example, in some embodiments, the maximum possible distance that the ram may extend beyond the leading edge of the charge chamber is about 24″. However, the ram may be set such that it will only extend inside the extrusion chamber 18″ from the leading edge of the charge chamber in a normal stroke. The ram may then be reversed approximately 4″ (14″ from the leading edge of the charging chamber) to create the cavity. This position may be referred to as the “tie position.” The various ram positions in this process largely depends on the material being baled and the amount of memory it has. One advantage to this system is that the degree of compression ram penetration into the extrusion chamber may be minimized. The beveling in the slots within the ram platen help to accomplish this.

It was discovered unexpectedly that connecting and tightening of the strapping material early in the bale formation process (as is conventional) may not be suitable for biomass feedstock (e.g. cotton gin trash) since the material had very little physical memory, and thus would not expand or rebound to the spatial limits imposed by the straps. It was discovered that delaying the final connecting and tightening of the straps until the cotton gin trash or other biomass material had travelled nearer the end of the extrusion chamber or to the general location where the extrusion is at the maximum density resulted in a more effective strapping or binding process. The conventional practice had been to connect the binding material while the bale or extruded material remains in contact with the ram platen or at the location where the straps are first inserted. In some embodiments, on final charge of material for each bale, the inserter shafts insert additional strapping such that strapping is positioned on the back side of the prior bale and the front side of the next bale being formed for eventual attachment.

As mentioned previously, in some embodiments, the strapping material is stored, dispensed, and inserted from a single side of the baling press unit. A loop of strapping material is formed on the opposite side of the baling press, the strapping material may then be extended to proper length, and then the strapping material may be cut into two sections to connect strap ends on bales further down the extrusion chamber nearer the bale exit end. For example, the end of the cut strap nearest the bale exit end provides strapping the proper length to connect to the rear (last section of bale formed) of the leading bale, and the end of the strap cut nearest the compression ram (or rear of the baling press) provides the strap the proper length to connect to the front (leading edge of next bale to be formed within the extrusion chamber), or the trailing bale. Said procedure allows connecting the straps to secure bale density of a single bale even though strap was inserted on two occasions for each bale, once for leading end of bale and once for trailing end of bale. The advantages of this method include securing strapping 360-degrees around the entire bale perimeter (circumference), permitting strapping dispensing and insertion from only one side of the baling press, presenting only one location of overlapping straps to be connected, and allowing the baling press operator to work on only one side of the baling press.

The invention now will be illustrated by the following examples which, while describing procedures and mechanics associated with the baling press within the “broad ambit of this invention”, are not to be construed as limiting. Appropriate changes may be made in the manner normally employed by those possessing the usual skill of this art.

Example 1

The following is a non-limiting description of tests involving an early model or prototype of a horizontal baling press. The tests were performed using mote trash feedstock. Dimensions, targets, procedures and mechanical references may have been modified since the test was performed, but broad, general principles discussed below are applicable.

Pre-bale feedstock sample density=10.96 lbs/ft³ Box of feedstock was 27 lbs (loaded level) minus 2 lbs for box=25 lbs of gin trash Box size 22″×13″×15″=4290 square inches/1728=2.48 lbs/ft³ Baling charging chamber for Extrusion Baler 10 ft³ Target maximum bale weight=600 lbs. Target minimum bale weight=500 lbs. Target bale length=60 inches or 20 ft³ (24″×24″×60″=34,560 divided by 1728=20.0 ft³)

Pre-Experimental Predictions

Prior to the experiment it was predicted that the experiment would generate a bale 20 ft³ bale that weighed 550-600 lbs had a density of 27-30 lbs/ft³.

Procedure

Prior to feedstock loading, the charge chamber was prepacked with feedstock to determine how to “choke down” the chamber. The tension bolts on the first tension element were opened about 0.5″ on both sides of the extrusion chamber chute to release the compacted feedstock within the extrusion chamber chute. Once the chamber was free of the dense feedstock, additional feedstock was loaded into the baler.

The first four bales produced had the following measurements:

Bale 1 = 510 lbs 24″ × 24″ × 53″ 17.66 ft³ 28.87 lbs/ft³ Bale 2 = 542 lbs 24″ × 24″ × 60″ 20.00 ft³ 27.10 lbs/ft³ Bale 3 = 573 lbs 24″ × 24″ × 68″ 22.66 ft³ 25.28 lbs/ft³ Bale 4 = 518 lbs 24″ × 24″ × 56″ 18.66 ft³ 27.75 lbs/ft³

It was observed that the compression pressure decreased from 1300 PSI to 900 PSI, which led to reduced density. The bolts in the first tension element were tightened and the feedstock extruded without strapping. Compression pressure slowly increased to about 1200 PSI. Since the density was increasing with the compression pressure, a final bale number 5 was produced with straps. Bale No. 5 required 1500 PSI to extrude and weighed 611 lbs. The pallet weighed 36 lbs and the density was 29.74 lbs/ft³. Converted to the target bale length of 60″, the bale weight would have been 595 lbs.

Bale 5 = 575 lbs 24″ × 24″ × 58″ 19.33 ft³ 29.74 lbs/ft³

The bale density continued to increase after the tension bolts on the first tension member were tightened with each ram cycle. In other words, bale density was holding and gaining. There remained additional adjustment capacity to narrow the extrusion chamber via tightening the tension element bolts even more which, it is suspected, would have increased density and weight even more. All five bales that were strapped weighed over 500 lbs and were within 10-20% of the target maximum weight.

It was further noted that a bale with straps in place early in the procedure offered more chamber resistance than loose material not strapped.

It was also observed that due to the amount of material packed into the three slots in the ram platen, the inserter rod had to be forced through the slots to clear the material prior to inserting a strap. It was observed that slightly reversing the ram face to insert the straps helped that process.

During testing ⅝″ 0.04 PET straps were used to secure with a hand-held tensioning and welding device. The PET straps have a break-strength of 1500 lbs. In this experiment, the straps or wires were inserted through the ram face slots once the target weight has been compressed to form a bale, but tensioning the straps was delayed until the unsecured bale had moved toward the end of the extrusion chamber.

It was observed during this experiment that the baler ram will cycle in about 12-seconds (a 36″ stroke) using a 40 HP power unit. Approximately 100 lbs of gin trash was compressed into the baling chamber each ram cycle if the infeed box is full. Therefore, it was estimated that no more than 7 ram cycles should be required to form a bale (plus or minus). Allowing 3 seconds of time delays and an extra 15 seconds for insurance, 2 minutes was calculated as the maximum time required to form a complete bale if gin trash is consistently loaded into the feed chute. Then allowing up to 3 minutes to insert straps, a bale should be strapped each 5 minutes or a minimum of 12 bales per hour might be possible. With modifications to the system, the rate may be increased to 15 to 16 BPH or more.

Example 2

Below is a non-limiting example of an early operation protocol. Procedures may have been modified since the test was performed but broad, general principles discussed below are applicable. When the operator's control is set to run in manual mode the ram can be run forward and reversed bypassing all switches. When the press is in automatic mode, once the photo eyes are blocked, the ram will leave the Home Switch (LS1) stroke forward to the Reverse Switch (LS3) the number of strokes indicated in the thumb wheel. Once the strokes are complete the ram will stop on the Reverse Switch (LS3), the light and buzzer will alert the operator that the bale is ready to tie. The operator will switch the baler to TIE position; the ram will stroke forward to the Full Forward Switch (LS5), and then reverse to the Tie Switch (LS4). Once the bale straps are in place the operator will switch the baler back to AUTO then press the Start Button. The ram will then return to the Home Switch (LS1) and the cycle will repeat.

When the Pressure Switch (PS1) is made the alarm will sound 1 second. The Amber Light on the panel will flash for 1 minute then turn off. Each time the preset pressure is reached the timer will reset itself and the Amber light will flash for 1 minute.

It should be noted that in the above operations protocol example, the baling press used a conventional thumb wheel to select the proper number of ram cycles. It was later determined that the thumb wheel with manual settings required persistent adjustment of the extrusion chamber tension to recover for low density or avoid too high a density (jams). The development of an extrusion chamber with two “different purposed” tension elements (e.g. first tension element and second tension element) combined with heavier construction materials ameliorated the need for major adjustment/corrections during runs.

While the present invention has been described herein with respect to the exemplary embodiments, it will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications, improvements and sub-combinations of the various embodiments, adaptations and variations can be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A baling press for baling cotton gin trash and other biomass feedstock comprising: a compression ram assembly; said compression ram assembly comprising a frame, a ram platen, and a top plate; and said ram platen comprising a first compression surface and one or more slots formed within said compression surface; and wherein said slots within said compression surface are beveled and comprise a top interior surface, a bottom interior surface, a rear interior surface, a slot opening, and an outside rim.
 2. The baling press of claim 1 wherein said slots are at least about 0.5 inches deep from the outside rim to the rear interior surface.
 3. The baling press of claim 1 wherein said slots are between about 1.0 and 2.0 inches deep from the outside rim to the rear interior surface.
 4. The baling press of claim 1 wherein slots are beveled at an angle of 100 degrees in relation to the compression ram surface plane.
 5. A bale of cotton gin trash or other biomass feedstock produced by the baling press of claim
 1. 6. A baling press for baling cotton gin trash and other biomass feedstock comprising: an extrusion chamber assembly; said extrusion chamber assembly comprising an extrusion chamber chute, a charge chamber, a first tension element, and a second tension element; said extrusion chamber chute further comprising a substantially rectangular cuboid shape, a bale exit end, and a feedstock entry end; and said extrusion chamber chute further comprising a top, bottom and two side interior walls, and a top, bottom, and two side exterior surfaces.
 7. The baling press of claim 6 wherein said extrusion chamber chute rests upon a flat surface and is oriented such that its longitudinal axis is substantially co-planar to said flat support surface.
 8. The baling press of claim 6 wherein said first tension element is engaged to said extrusion chamber chute and positioned nearest said feedstock entry end.
 9. The baling press of claim 6 wherein said second tension element is engaged to said extrusion chamber chute and positioned nearest said bale exit end.
 10. The baling press of claim 6 wherein said first tension element comprises one or more top mounts, one or more bottom mounts, and one or more side brackets comprising an exterior surface and an interior wall adjacent to and substantially co-planar with said extrusion chamber chute side exterior wall.
 11. The baling press of claim 10 wherein said one or more side brackets comprise an adjustment means to adjust the distance between said side bracket interior surface and said extrusion chamber chute side exterior wall.
 12. The baling press of claim 11 wherein said adjustment means is a bolt and nut assembly.
 13. The baling press of claim 6 wherein said extrusion chamber chute comprises at least one bale strapping insertion apertures within its side wall.
 14. The baling press of claim 6 wherein said second tension element comprises one or more top mounts, one or more bottom mounts, and one or more side brackets wherein said one or more top mounts further comprise at least two arms engaged to a center bridge.
 15. The baling press of claim 14 wherein said center bridge and arms support a hydraulic cylinder that actuates a constrictive force through said side brackets upon said extrusion chamber chute side exterior walls.
 16. A bale of cotton gin trash or other biomass feedstock produced by the baling press of claim
 6. 17. A baling press for baling cotton gin trash and other biomass feedstock comprising: a strapping storage and dispensing assembly; said strapping storage and dispensing assembly comprising at least one storage and dispensing unit for storage and dispensing of strapping for bale tying; and said storage and dispensing unit comprising a strapping material support post, spacer elements, and a base.
 18. The baling press of claim 17 wherein said storage and dispensing unit is free standing.
 19. The baling press of claim 17 wherein said storage and dispensing unit is affixed to the baling press.
 20. The baling press of claim 17 wherein said storage and dispensing unit comprises at least two spacer elements for separating and supporting at least three strapping spools.
 21. The baling press of claim 17 wherein said strapping storage and dispensing assembly is positioned on a single side of the baling press for dispensing strapping for bale tying.
 22. A bale of cotton gin trash or other biomass feedstock produced by the baling press of claim
 17. 23. A horizontal baling press for baling cotton gin trash and other biomass feedstock comprising: a bale strapping insertion assembly; said bale strapping insertion assembly comprising one or more inserter shafts for insertion of said strapping through bale strapping insertion apertures within side walls of an extrusion chamber chute, one or more strapping positioning elements, one or more strapping guide elements, a drive assembly for inserter shaft actuation to drive movement of said inserter shafts through said extrusion chamber chute, and an encasing for mounting and supporting said inserter shafts, positioning elements, and drive assembly.
 24. The horizontal baling press of claim 23 wherein said strapping positioning elements are affixed to the terminus of said inserter shafts and comprise a substantially rounded platform and two side flanges for positioning and holding the strapping material in place upon the end of said inserter shafts.
 25. The horizontal baling press of claim 23 wherein said guide elements are paired to and co-planar with respective inserter shafts, are paired to and receive strapping from respective strapping spools, and present the strapping to their respective inserter shafts on plane and in position for insertion through an extrusion chamber chute.
 26. The horizontal baling press of claim 23 wherein said guide elements comprise a low friction surface and at least one roller for strapping support and advancement there through.
 27. The horizontal baling press of claim 23 wherein said guide elements are positioned adjacent to said inserter shaft strapping positing element.
 28. The horizontal baling press of claim 23 wherein said encasing comprises mounted tracks for inserter shaft linear motion.
 29. The horizontal baling press of claim 23 wherein said encasing comprises a chain and pulley drive assembly for driving said inserter shaft linear motion.
 30. The horizontal baling press of claim 23 wherein said bale strapping insertion assembly is positioned on a single side of the baling press for insertion of strapping through an extrusion chamber chute for bale tying.
 31. The horizontal baling press of claim 23 wherein said encasing comprises one or more slots for additional guidance of said strapping material to said inserter shafts and positioning elements.
 32. The horizontal baling press of claim 23 wherein said bale strapping insertion assembly further comprises strapping retention elements on the opposite side of the baling press from the encasing and inserter shafts for holding a strapping loop in place once the inserter shafts have transferred the strapping through an extrusion chamber chute.
 33. The horizontal baling press of claim 32 wherein said strapping retention elements comprise a spring loaded gate and resistance pads for gripping and substantially holding in position a strapping loop.
 34. A bale of cotton gin trash produced by the baling press of claim
 23. 35. A horizontal baling press for baling cotton gin trash and other biomass feedstock comprising: an infeed chute assembly for receiving, storing and delivering feedstock to a charge chamber; said infeed chute assembly comprising and infeed chute comprising a first opening for receipt of feedstock from a source and a second opening for delivery of said feedstock to the charge chamber; wherein said infeed chute first opening is between about 15 and 24 inches in length.
 36. The horizontal baling press of claim 35 wherein said infeed chute comprises one or more sensors for detecting and controlling the quantity of feedstock contained therein.
 37. The horizontal baling press of claim 35 wherein said infeed chute comprises at least one side viewing window.
 38. A bale of cotton gin trash or other biomass feedstock produced by the baling press of claim
 35. 39. A method of forming a bale of biomass feedstock or gin trash comprising the steps of: providing a horizontal baling press comprising a compression ram assembly comprising a ram platen comprising at least one beveled slot and top plate, a strapping storage and dispensing assembly comprising a strapping dispensing unit carrying at least one strapping spool, a strapping insertion assembly comprising an encasing, one or more inserter shafts, one or more strapping retention elements, and one or more strapping guide elements, an extrusion chamber assembly comprising an extrusion chamber chute further comprising a bale exit end and a feed stock entry end, a first tension element and a second tension element, and an infeed chute assembly comprising an infeed chute, a first opening and a second opening, and a charge chamber; supplying feedstock to said baling press through infeed chute; repeatedly advancing said compression ram assembly and ram platen through said charge chamber and into said extrusion chamber chute carrying a feedstock charge with each cycle; dispensing strapping material to said strapping insertion assembly through said strapping storage and dispensing assembly; prior to the first charge of each bale, inserting strapping material through said extrusion chamber chute and ram platen slots with said inserter shafts; controlling the minimum bale density through said first tension element and the maximum bale density through said second tension element; tightening and securing said strapping material to the formed bale; and extruding the formed and tied bale out of the bale exit end of the extrusion chamber chute.
 40. The method of claim 39 further comprising the step of guiding the strapping material by said guide elements to said strapping insertion assembly on plane for accurate placement upon said inserter shaft positioning elements.
 41. The method of claim 39 further comprising the step of adjusting the first tension element to achieve a target predetermined minimum bale density.
 42. The method of claim 39 further comprising reversing said compression ram assembly a small distance to provide space between the forming bale and the ram platen for insertion of said inserter rods through said extrusion chamber chute and ram platen slots.
 43. A bale of cotton gin trash or biomass feedstock produced by the method of claim
 39. 44. A method of forming a bale of biomass feedstock or cotton gin trash having a predetermined minimum density comprising the steps of: providing baling press comprising an extrusion chamber assembly wherein said extrusion chamber assembly comprises an extrusion chamber chute further comprising a side exterior wall, a bale exit end, a feed stock entry end, and a first tension element comprising side brackets said side brackets comprising an interior wall adjacent to and substantially co-planar with said extrusion chamber chute side exterior wall; adjusting the gap between the extrusion chamber chute side exterior wall and the side brackets interior wall depending on the target minimum bale density.
 45. The method of claim 44 wherein said adjusting step is manual.
 46. The method of claim 44 wherein said adjusting step is automatic.
 47. A method of forming a bale of biomass feedstock or cotton gin trash bound with strapping material comprising the steps of: providing a baling press comprising an extrusion chamber chute comprising a bale exit end, a compression ram platen comprising one or more slots, a strapping material storage and dispensing assembly and a strapping material insertion assembly wherein said strapping material storage and dispensing assembly comprises a strapping dispensing unit carrying at least one strapping spool and wherein said strapping insertion assembly comprises an encasing, one or more inserter shafts, one or more strapping retention elements, one or more strapping guide elements, and one or more retention elements; positioning said strapping material storage and dispensing assembly on a first side of said baling press; positioning said strapping material insertion assembly on the first side of said baling press with the exception of said retention elements which are positioned on a second side of the baling press; dispensing strapping material to said strapping insertion assembly through said strapping storage and dispensing assembly; and upon final charge of feedstock material for each bale, inserting strapping material through said extrusion chamber chute and ram platen slots with said inserter shafts.
 48. The method of claim 47 wherein said slots are beveled.
 49. The method of claim 47 further comprising the step of trapping a loop of strapping in said retention elements for ease of user grip.
 50. The method of claim 49 further comprising the step of pulling the strapping loop trapped in said retention elements to a desired length and cutting the strapping.
 51. The method of claim 47 further comprising the step of tightening and securing said strapping material to the formed bale.
 52. The method of claim 51 wherein said tightening and securing step is performed near the bale exit end of the extrusion chamber chute.
 53. A method of forming a bale of biomass feedstock or cotton gin trash bound with strapping material comprising the steps of: storing and dispensing said strapping material from a first side of a baling press; inserting said strapping material from the first side of a baling press in the form of a loop at a leading and trailing end of a bale; extending and cutting said strapping material loop from a second side of a baling press to a proper length generating two strapping ends for use to bind bales; and securing the strapping material ends together from leading end and trailing end cuts proximate a bale exit end of the baling press. 